"1906, Dreyfus rehabilitated" Online Exhibit

The Dreyfus Affair (which I've mentioned on this blog before) was an important catalyst for world Jewry, inspiring Theodor Herzl to organize early Zionists into a World Zionist Congress. There is a wonderful Alfred Dreyfus exhibit available here:
http://www.dreyfus.culture.fr/en/index.htm. It features a wealth of information, multimedia presentations, documents of the Dreyfus family, life in France in the 1890s, and news surrounding Dreyfus and his trials.

To explore the role of political cartoons in the public conversations surrounding the Affair, check out:

1906, Dreyfus rehabilitated : Caricatures - page 1


Dreyfus' trials revealed deep social injustice toward Jews, but they also revealed that not all non-Jews are anti-Semites. The most notable among the friends Jews found in this dark time is Emile Zola, who wrote a famous letter to the President of the Republic of France titled "J'Accuse!" (I accuse!), published in a major newspaper. You can find a wiki document featuring the original article and its translation here: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/J%27accuse.

Naches from my students

My sixth graders at Congregation Etz Chayim, in Palo Alto, blew me away this past month.  As part of my teaching on Israel, I gave them a quiz on Ancient Israel and the beginnings of Modern Zionism.  It was similar to quizzes I had given in the past two years, but I raised the stakes... I offered an "extra-awesome bonus" which would give them automatic full-credit on the quiz plus a prize if they could give a well-conceived, thorough answer to the following question: What were the differences between traditional Jewish yearnings for a return the the Land of Israel and Theodor Herzl's Zionism? It was a serious question which I thought would allow one or two kids to show their deep understanding of the material we had covered.  One or two, AT MOST, I thought could synthesize relevant answers.

I was wrong.

Five kids--eleven-year-old, mind you--gave AWESOME answers!  So, I'm honoring them by sharing their responses to you.  You'll see some recurrent themes.  Other possible answers could have mentioned messianic beliefs about the connection between returning to the Land of Israel and the end of days, or traditional desires for a Davidic monarchy versus Herzl's ideas about more modern, European-style political structures, or traditional theological arguments versus cultural, pragmatic arguments for a Jewish homeland.

 Answer 1, from E.
The difference between Herzl's Zionism and traditional Zionism is that Herzl wanted to just get the Jews away from the pogroms and other events; he wanted to bring them to another country/state (Uganda), even if it wasn't Israel.  He wanted to get the Jews away from harm, even if it made it harder to get them back into Eretz Yisrael.  Traditional the Jews thought only Israel was fit for the Jewish homeland and that any other place would be almost against God's will.

Answer 2, from M.
The difference between Theodor Herzl's Zionism and traditional yearnings to return Jews to Israel was the fact that Herzl's idea was Political Zionism.  Herzl was willing to negotiate with other world leaders to set up a political State of Israel.  He knew Jews would need a place to live, and fast.  Anti-Semitism was growing around the world, in the form of pogroms, and the Jewish people needed shelter.  Herzl continuously stressed the fact that the Jewish State could be anywhere; he even suggested Argentina.  The difference of Herzl's Zionism is to set up a political Jewish country as opposed to be able to specifically in Palestine.  The traditional yearning was the hope to live in Palestine as a culture. 

Answer 3, from D.
Theodor Herzl, unlike traditional Jewish nationalism, believed that this Jewish safe haven could be anywhere and that getting land in Israel was less important than having a Jewish country run by Jews, with Jews in control of the government and in the majority.  He wanted eventually to settle in Israel, but he knew anywhere would do temporarily.  Traditional nationalism was that this place needed to be in Israel--the Promised Land.


Answer 4, from O.
Herzl's Zionism was more to protect his people and have a place where they could fit in than was traditional yearnings for Israel.  The traditional yearnings were people wanting God to let them go back to their Promised Land, where they belong.  Herzl became a Zionist because he gave up hope of Jews ever being able to fit in.  That fact made him stand out.  When the other Zionists heard the Uganda plan, many of them were too traditional to accept it.  They said that they would only accept the Promised Land, not some random part of Africa.  Herzl was all for the plan, hoping it would build a safe haven for Jewish and stop our people's suffering.


Answer 5, from V.
Herzl's Zionism was the belief that Jews should have their own state where they don't have to deal with pogroms and other antisemitic attacks.  On the other hand, returning to the Land of Israel as the "Promised Land" will not cease the antisemitic attacks, it will only fulfill the Jews' spiritual beliefs.

Herzl and the World Zionist Organization

In the past few classes, we have been studying about Theodor Herzl and his efforts to bring Jews from all over the world together in order to fulfill their dream of a Jewish homeland. The belief that Jews are a people who need a homeland of their own is called "Zionism." Herzl founded an group called the World Zionist Organization (or WZO) that still works today supporting Israel, helping Jews immigrate to Israel, and educating about Judaism.

The WZO holds meetings called World Zionist Congresses, to which every Jewish community sends representatives. The first World Zionist Congress met in 1897, in Basel, Switzerland. Each World Zionist Congress meeting allows Jews to set policies and elect officers to carry out their work of protecting, supporting, and educating Jews throughout the world and especially Israel.

The sixth graders just learned about two specific decisions of the World Zionist Congress. In class, we learned about Hatikvah, the Israeli national anthem, and how it was chosen as a way of unifying Jews and expressing their hopes for a homeland. We also studied the Sixth World Zionist Congress (1903), where they had to decide whether they should accept a British proposal offering Jews a refuge in Uganda. You can find the short play, "Zionism without Zion", here.

Some of you might like to read some of Herzl's writings. You can find a selection from his novel Alteneuland (Old-New Land) here.

Getting Started on Herzl

Today we also started our unit on Theodor Herzl and the beginnings of modern Political Zionism. For a brief biography of Theodor Herzl, see this Jewish Virtual Library article.

Material for Sixth Graders Missing October 24 Lesson

I know that there are many kids missing class today due to Science Camp. If you've missed class, read this article over: Zionism without Zion. It's about the Uganda proposal presented to early Zionists by Herzl. Enjoy!

Zionism before Herzl

Timeline of Zionism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This timeline shows how Herzl, though called the Father of Zionism, was not the first Zionist. Check out the entries on Hovevei Zion, Eliezer ben Yehuda, and Dr. Leon Pinsker.

Many of these early Zionists wrote pamphlets to convince Jewish that it was necessary to create a Jewish homeland. One of these was Pinsker's Auto-Emancipation. It's a long document, but is an excellent example of the types of arguments popular with these early supporters of a Jewish state. Check it out here.